Tuesday, July 28, 2009

Iran Elections: After Shocks Persist

EVEN a month after the decisive victory of Mahmoud Ahmadenijad in the Iranian presidential polls, his opponents are refusing to concede defeat. The two defeated candidates, Mir Housein Mousavi and Mehdi Kharoubbi have refused to acknowledge the victory of Mahmoud Ahmadenijad in the June elections. Without producing any convincing evidence, they continue to insist that the elections were rigged. The third defeated candidate, Mohsen Rezaei, had accepted the results in the last week of June. Though both Mousavi and Kharroubi have been urging their supporters to keep on protesting, the response from the street, since late June, has been lukewarm. But they have not completely given up.



The two leading personalities who have come out openly in their support, the former presidents, Hashemi Rafsanjani and Ahmad Khatami, have both been continuing with their criticism of the June elections. Khatami in the third week of July demanded that a referendum be held so that the Iranian people can give their opinion about the legitimacy of the newly elected government. Rafsanjani while addressing students at Teheran University called on the government to clear the “doubt” about the elections among the “great section of our erudite and knowledgeable people”.



Rafsanjani chairs the influential Assembly of Experts which theoretically has the right to remove the Veleyat-I Faqih, the Spiritual leader ---Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Interestingly, during the Friday prayers addressed by Rafsanjani, those supporting the government shouted “Death to America” slogans. This was countered by anti-Ahmadenijad supporters with “Death to Russia” and “Death to China” slogans. Russia and China were the first two countries to welcome the re-election of Ahmadenijad.



DIVIDED

ESTABLISHMENT

Most observers of the Iranian scene have concluded that after the dramatic events of June, the clerical establishment that has ruled Iran since the 1979 revolution is not as united as it was. For the first time, some important religious and political leaders have obliquely questioned the authority of the spiritual guide of the nation, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Though the Guardian Council, which has the responsibility of monitoring the elections, had ruled the June elections as the “healthiest” held since the revolution, many prominent “reformist” politicians and even some ayatollahs have alleged that the spiritual leader was biased in favour of his “protégé” Ahmadenijad.



Rafsanjani had played a key role in the appointment of Ayatollah Khamenei as the supreme leader following the death of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomenei. Ahmadenijad had angered Rafsanjani during the run-up to the elections when he accused him of propping up his rivals in the presidential elections. Ahmadenijad also publicly accused Rafsanjani’s family of amassing unaccounted wealth. When Ahmadenijad won his first presidential elections five years ago, there were dark murmurs about vote rigging even then. At that time, Ahmadenijad was relatively unknown but had come from behind to win the presidency, defeating among others, the venerable Rafsanjani.



But as the prominent Egyptian commentator, Mohammed Heikal pointed out in a television interview, all the candidates in the election were “children of the revolution”. Heikal said that he had no doubts about the victory of president Ahmadenijad. He went on to say that the political system in Iran was mature enough to resolve the current impasse. Mousavi had repeatedly said that the demonstrations are within the constitutional rights of Iranians. Most Iran watchers agree that the battle that was waged in June was one between two factions within the establishment.



FANTASIES OF

REGIME CHANGE



But the West, which has relentlessly caricaturised the Iranian president, had started fantasising about regime change in Iran. There was frenzied talk of a “green revolution” materialising overnight in Iran, similar to the colour revolutions in eastern and central Europe. The “twitter revolution” which almost overthrew the newly elected Left government in Moldova in March was sought to be replicated in Iran. Now that the storm has subsided, president Barack Obama is being urged by both conservatives and liberals in the US to freeze the putative diplomatic dealings with Iran. Obama is the first American president to admit his country’s role in the toppling of Iran’s first democratically elected government in 1953 and was seen to prefer a more conciliatory approach towards Teheran. This was evident in his Cairo speech. It was in Cairo that an American president for the first time had addressed the country by its official name---the Islamic Republic of Iran.



However, after Obama’s statement “condemning” the Iranian government’s handling of the post-election protests and his praise for Mousavi, relations which had thawed slightly have once again frozen over. President Ahmadenijad asked for an apology from the American president for his remarks over the conduct of the elections. The Iranians have other reasons to be angry with Washington. The Obama administration is continuing with the destabilisation blueprint of the previous administration. USAID, which is under the US State Department, has earmarked $20 million this year “to promote democracy, human rights, and the rule of law in Iran”.



Iranians have noticed that president Obama has not bothered to condemn the recent killing of hundreds of native Indians in Peru by security forces or done anything meaningful to restore democracy in Honduras, after the president there was ousted in a military coup.



According to the investigative journalist, Seymour Hersh, the previous Bush administration had sought $400 million dollars to destabilise the clerical establishment. George W Bush had escalated covert operations against Iran in the last year of his Presidency. Reports in the American media also suggested that Washington was assisting armed guerrilla groups active among minority ethnic groups in Iran. In a November, 2006 article, Hersh wrote that the Penatagon had established “covert relationships with Kurdish, Azeri and Baluchi tribesmen and had encouraged their efforts to undermine the regime’s authority in northern and south eastern Iran”.



PRO-POOR

PRESIDENT



From the outset, it was only the western media pundits who were predicting a victory for the “reformist” candidate, Mousavi. There was no doubt that he swept the polls in Northern Teheran and other affluent suburbs in various Iranian cities. But the majority of Iranians, who continue to be poor, obviously preferred to renew their trust in the incumbent president. His supporters credit him with reviving the basic values of the Islamic revolution, the most important of them being caring for the poor. The high price of oil during most of his first term in office helped his administration to plough funds into hitherto neglected areas of Iran.



Every week he visited remote rural outposts to have a first hand look into the problems faced by the poor peasantry. Ahmadenijad along with his ministers has visited each one of Iran’s 30 provinces twice during the last four years. He cut out the bureaucratic red tape to ensure that the development funds he sanctioned reached their destination. Another populist move was to distribute billions of dollars worth of “justice stocks” (stocks in state run companies) to the poor. This was part of the government’s plan to build a more egalitarian society



Most of the pre-election opinion polls conducted since March showed that Ahmadenijad was a clear frontrunner. The only poll conducted by a western agency, on behalf of the BBC and the NBC, predicted a 89 per cent turnout for the election. The poll conducted by the independent Center of Public Opinion (CPO), which is backed by the Rockefeller Foundation, a few weeks before the elections revealed that Ahmadenijad had a nationwide advantage of two to one against his closest rival, Mousavi.



In the actual elections, the turnout was 85 per cent, with Ahmadenijad getting 66.2 per cent of the votes and Mousavi — 33.8 per cent. The western media had mainly covered the big rallies addressed by Mousavi in Teheran and other cities. Ahmadenijad had criss-crossed the country addressing hundreds of equally well attended rallies. In the 2005 presidential elections too, Ahmadenijad had got almost the same percentage of votes. His rival, Rafsanjani, had got 35 per cent of the votes.



Though the election process is not open to registered parties and is rigorously vetted by the clerical establishment, the Islamic Republic has a proud record of holding elections on schedule. Despite being subjected to war, terrorism and economic blockade, Iran has held thirty elections since 1979. The voting is supervised by school teachers, government servants and retired professionals. It is similar in many ways to the electoral process in India. The “liberal” Khatami won his first election in 1995 as president with 70 per cent of the vote when the interior ministry was under the control of the so called “conservatives”.



The political chief of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), Yadollah Javani, had in fact warned the “reformist” camp just before Iranians went to the polls, against staging a “velvet revolution”. He pointed out that for the first time some groups have used “a specific colour” in the elections.



The Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez, who has experienced the machinations of the West first hand, said that Ahmadenijad had won the elections fair and square and condemned those “trying to stain Ahmadenijad’s triumph and through that weaken the government and the Islamic revolution”.

Thursday, July 16, 2009

మీ తిట్లే మా పేర్లు(A article in Telugu )

నాటినుండి నేటివరకూ భౌతికవాదం పాలకవర్గాల కక్షకు గురౌతూనే ఉంది. ఇది మన దేశంలోనే గాదు, ప్రపంచంలోని చాలా దేశాల్లో జరిగింది. గ్రీకు భౌతికవాద తత్వవేత్త డెమాక్రిటస్‌ ప్రతిపాదించిన 'అణువాదం' ప్రభావాన్ని తట్టుకోలేక భావవాది అయిన ప్లేటో ఆ డెమాక్రిటస్‌ గ్రంథాల్ని తగులుబెట్టమని ఆదేశించాడు. తమ ప్రత్యర్థుల్ని తిట్టాలంటే ''వాడు నాస్తికుడు'' అన్న పదాన్ని చాలామంది ఉపయోగించారు. ''అధికారంలో వున్న పార్టీచేత 'వీరు కమ్యూనిస్టులు' అనే తిట్టుతినని ప్రతిపక్ష పార్టీ ఎక్కడైనా ఉందా?'' అని కమ్యూనిస్టు ప్రణాళికలో మార్క్స్‌, ఎంగెల్స్‌ ప్రస్తావించారు.

మహాభారత యుద్ధం ముగిసింది. ధర్మరాజు పట్టాభిషేకానికి తరలివస్తున్నాడు. బ్రాహ్మణులంతా ఎదురేగి స్వాగతం పలకడానికి సిద్ధంగా ఉన్నారు. స్తోత్రాలతో, ఆశీర్వచనాలతో వారంతా హడావుడిగా ఉండగా వారి మధ్యలో నుండి ఒకడు ముందుకొచ్చి ధర్మరాజుని ఇలా నిలవేశాడు. ''కేవలం నీ అధికారకోసం, రాజ్య కాంక్షకోసం ఇంత రక్తపాతం సృష్టించడం సబ బేనా? నీ రక్తబంధువుల్ని, అన్నదమ్ముల్ని సైతం తుదముట్టించడం న్యాయమేనా? యావత్‌ బ్రాహ్మణలోకం నిన్ను శపిస్తోంది. నువ్వు సిగ్గుతో చావాలి''. ఈ దెబ్బకి ధర్మరాజు దిగ్భ్రాంతుడ య్యాడు. చావుతప్ప తనకి వేరే దారి లేదనుకు న్నాడు. ఆత్మహత్యకు సిద్ధపడ్డాడు. అప్పటికి తేరుకున్న తక్కిన బ్రాహ్మణులు ధర్మరాజుని వారించి ఆత్మహత్యా ప్రయత్నాన్ని ఆపేశారు. ''నిన్ను ఈ విధంగా నిందించినవాడు చార్వాకు డనే రాక్షసుడు. నీ శత్రువైన దుర్యోధనుడికి స్నేహితుడు. మా బ్రాహ్మణ లోకానికీ వాడికీ ఏ సంబంధమూ లేదు. నీవంటే మాకెంతో అభి మానం ఉంది. వాడి సంగతి మేం చూసు కుం టాం'' అని చెప్పి మూకుమ్మడిగా చార్వా కుడిపై దాడి చేసి సజీవంగా తగలబెట్టి చంపుతారు.

ప్రాచీన భారతీయ భౌతికవాదాన్ని ఒక దుర్మార్గమైన తత్వశాస్త్రంగా చిత్రీకరించడానికి పూనుకున్న భావవాదులు చార్వాకుడి పేరును అందుకు ఉపయోగించారు. ''దుర్మార్గుడైన దుర్యో ధనుడికి గల ఇంకొ దుర్మార్గుడైన స్నేహితుడు చార్వాకుడనే పేరుగల రాక్షసుడు. అలాంటి రాక్షసులు చెప్పే సిద్ధాంతం భౌతికవాదం. కనుక ఆ సిద్ధాంతం కూడా దుర్మార్గమైనది'' అంటూ దుమ్మెత్తి పోయడానికి పూనుకున్నారు. వారు ఆ రాక్షసుడి పేరుతోనే ఈ భౌతికవాదాన్ని గురిం చి ప్రస్తావించారు. తిట్టారు. ఆడిపోసుకున్నారు.

పోనీ వాళ్లు చెప్పిన దాని ప్రకారమే చూసి నా చార్వాకుడు అన్న మాటల్లో పొరపాటే ముంది? ''అధికార కాంక్షతో రక్తపాతం సృష్టించ డం తప్పు అన్నాడు. ఇందులో మానవత్వం, నిస్వార్థం కనపడుతున్నాయే తప్ప దుర్మార్గం, అధర్మం ఏముంది? అలా విమర్శించిన చార్వా కుడిని సజీవంగా తగులబెట్టిన బ్రాహ్మణులు ప్రదర్శించినది రాక్షసత్వం. అంతే తప్ప చార్వా కుడు రాక్షసుడని ఎలా అనగలుగుతాం? అదే మహాభారతంలో కురుక్షేత్ర యుద్ధం ప్రారంభం అయ్యే ముందు, స్వంత అన్నదమ్ములనూ, రక్త సంబంధీకులనూ, పెద్దలనూ, గురువులనూ చంపడం ధర్మమేనా అన్న అర్జునుడి సందేహాన్ని తీర్చడానికి కృష్ణుడు ఏం చెప్పాడు? విశ్వరూపం ప్రదర్శించి అన్నదమ్ములులేరు, ఎవరూ లేరు అంతా నేనే, అన్నీ నేనే అని చెప్పాడు. అంతటితో ఆగక ఈ యుద్ధంలో పోరాడి మరణిస్తే వీర స్వర్గం దక్కుతుంది. అక్కడ సకలసుఖాలూ దక్కు తాయి. లేదా గెలిస్తే రాజ్యసుఖం దక్కుతుంది అని చెప్పాడు. అంటే అర్జునిడిలో స్వార్థాన్నీ, రాజ్యకాంక్షని రేకెత్తించాడు. కృష్ణుడు చెప్పిన దానికన్నా రాక్షస చార్వాకుడు తిట్టిన తిట్లలోనే ఎక్కువ మానవత్వం కనపడుతోంది కదా.
ఇంత కథ ఎందుకవసరమైందంటే ప్రాచీన భారతీయ భౌతికవాదానికి పేరు సైతం లేకుం డా పాలకవర్గాలు నాశనం చేసి పారెయ్యాలని ప్రయత్నించాయి. ఈ క్రమంలో ఆ భౌతికవా దాన్ని రూపొందించిన వారి గ్రంథాలూ, రచన లూ సర్వం నాశనం చేయబడ్డాయి. అయినా పాలకవర్గ భావవాదులు ఊరుకోలేదు. తమ గ్రంథాల్లో, రచనల్లో బౌతికవాదుల్ని దుమ్మెత్తి పోశారు. ఆడిపోసుకున్నారు. భౌతికవాదులు చెప్పినదాన్ని వక్రీకరించి ప్రచారం చేశారు. అదిగో అలా ప్రచారం చేయడమే మనకు అక్కర కొచ్చింది.

''వీళ్లు ఇలా తిట్టారు గనుక వాళ్లు అలా చెప్పివుంటారు'' అని అనుకోడానికి అవకా శం వచ్చింది. ఈ శత్రువుల దుష్ప్రచారాలే మనకి ఆధారంగా మిగిలాయి. లేకుంటే మనకు ఇంత విశిష్టమైన స్థాయిగల భౌతికవాదం వారస త్వంగా ఉందని తెలుసుకునే అవకాశమే లేకుండా పోయేది. ''ప్రాచీన భారతీయ భౌతిక వాదానికి మూడు పేర్లు వాడుకలో ఉన్నాయి. ఒకటి చార్వా కం. అదొక రాక్షసుడి పేరని ముందే చెప్పుకు న్నాం. మరొకటి లోకాయతం, మూడవది బ్రాహ స్పత్యం. ''లోకేషు ఆయతః ఇతి లోకాయతమ్‌'' అన్నారు. లోకుల్లో బాగా ప్రాచుర్యం పొందింది గనుక లోకాయతం అన్నారు. ఈ నిర్వచనం బాగానే ఉందిగదా. మంచిపేరేగదా అనుకో వచ్చు. కాని ఈ పేరూ శత్రువులు పెట్టిందే. శత్రువులెవరైనా మంచి పేరు పెడతారా? ఛస్తే పెట్టరు. మరెందుకిలా జరిగింది? అంటే శత్రువులు కసితోటే దీనిని లోకాయతం అన్నారు. ఇక్కడ లోకులంటే ఎవరు! అన్నది చూడాలి. పాలకవర్గ పండితుల దృష్టిలో లోకులు అంటే చదువు, సంధ్యాలేని, అనాగరికులైన అథమ జాతులకు చెందిన వారు అని అర్థం. ఇప్పటి భాషలో కొందరు ''పెద్ద మనుషులు'' సామాన్య ప్రజల్ని మందలు అని, అలగా జనం అని, ఇంగ్లీషులో మాబ్‌, మాస్‌ అని హేళనగా అన్నట్టే ఆనాటి పండితులు సామాన్య ప్రజల్ని లోకులు అని, లోకాయతం అంటే అటువంటి అజ్ఞానుల్లో ప్రచారం పొందిన పనికిమాలిన సిద్ధాంతం అని నిందాపూర్వకంగా అవహేళన చేసేరు.

సాంప్రదాయకంగా అగ్రవర్ణాలకు మాత్ర మే చదువుకునే హక్కు ఉన్న భారతదేశంలో మెజారిటీ ప్రజానీకాన్ని అక్షరజ్ఞానానికి దూరంగా నెట్టివేశారు. అటువంటి అత్యధిక సంఖ్యాకుల్లో లోకాయతం ప్రచారం పొందిందని పాలకవర్గ మే తన తిట్లలో తెలియకుండానే ఒప్పుకోవలసి వచ్చింది. సామాన్య ప్రజలకోసం ప్రాచీన భార తీయ భౌతికవాదం నిలబడింది అని చెప్పకనే చెప్పినట్లయింది.

ఇంతకూ మన ''పండితులు'' లోకాయతం ప్రాచుర్యానికి కారణమేమిటని చెప్పారు? లోకా యతులు ఈ లోకంలోని భౌతిక సుఖాలకే ప్రాధా న్యతనిస్తారనీ, సంపాదన, అధికారాన్ని పొంద డమే పరమార్థమని చెప్తారనీ, పరలోకమంటూ ఏదీ లేదంటారనీ, 'లోకులకు' అంటే సామాన్య జనానికి కూడా (పరలోకం గొడవకన్నా) ఇటు వంటి మాటలు చెప్తేనే వినడం ఇష్టమనీ కనుక వీరి వాదం లోకాయతం ఐందని మాధవుడు తన సర్వదర్శన సంగ్రహం అన్న గ్రంథంలో చెప్పారు.

దీనిని బట్టి రెండు విషయాలు స్పష్టం అవు తున్నాయి. మొదటిది, మన ప్రాచీన భౌతిక వాదులు 'పరలోకం' భావనను నిర్ద్వంద్వంగా తోసిపుచ్చారు. రెండవది, లోకులకు (సామాన్య ప్రజలకు) సంపద, అధికారం కావాలన్నారు. అంటే సంపదను సృష్టించిన సామాన్య ప్రజలకే ఆ సంపదను అనుభవించే హక్కు ఉండాలని, ఆ సామాన్యులకే రాజ్యాధికారం దక్కాలని వారు ప్రచారం చేశారన్న మాట, ఒక విధంగా మాధవుడికి మనం ధన్వవాదాలు చెప్పాలి. ఎంతో కసితో అతడు ప్రాచీన భౌతివవాదుల్ని తిట్టిపోసినా ఆ కోపంలోనైనా నిజాన్ని అంగీక రించాల్సి వచ్చింది.
ఇదీ లోకాయతం అన్న పేరు వెనుక ఉన్న అసలు కథ. ఇక మూడోది: బ్రాహస్పత్యం, అంటే బృహ స్పతి రూపందించినది అని అర్థం. తెలివైన వాడిని, మేధావిని ''అతగాడు బుద్ధికి బృహస్పతి'' అంటారు. ఈ బృహస్పతి ఎవరు? పురాణాల్లో దేవతలకు గురువు. దేవతలేమో మన పాలక వర్గం. మరి వారికి గురువైనవాడు వారికే వ్యతిరే కంగా ఉండే భౌతిక వాదాన్ని ప్రతిపాదించడం ఏమిటి? అంతటి మేధావి ప్రతిపాదించినది అని చెప్పడమంటే దాని విశిష్టతను, గొప్పదనాన్ని అంగీకరించనట్టే గదా? అని ప్రశ్నించవచ్చు. మన పాలకవర్గ పండితులు మరీ అంత తెలివి తక్కువ వాళ్లేమీకాదు.
పూర్వకాలంలో దేవతలకూ, రాక్షసులకూ మధ్య ఎడతెగని యుద్ధాలు స్వర్గాధిపత్యం కోసం జరుగుతుండేవి. పలుమార్లు రాక్షసులది పైచేయి అయింది. శాశ్వతంగా ఈ రాక్షసులని దెబ్బ తీయడం ఎలా? అందుకు బృహస్పతి ఒక ఉపాయం ఆలోచించాడు. తానే మారు వేషంలో రాక్షసుల మధ్య ప్రవేశించి వారికి భౌతికవా దాన్ని బోధించాడు. ఆ రాక్షసులు తెలివి తక్కువ వాళ్లు గనుక ఆ వుచ్చులో పడ్డారు. భౌతిక సుఖాలమీదే ఎక్కువ దృష్టి పెట్టారు. దాంతో స్వర్గాధిపత్యంకోసం జరిగే పోరులో రాక్షసులు వెనకపడ్డారు. దేవతలు సునాయాసంగా విజయం సాధించారు. అలా శత్రువులకు మాయోపాయం తో బృహస్పతి బుద్ధిపూర్వకంగా చెప్పిన పనికిమా లిన సిద్ధాంతమే బ్రాహస్పత్యం. ఇదీ కథ. ఇది విష్ణుపురాణంలో పేర్కొన్న గాథ.
''భౌతికవాదాన్ని గనుక మీరు స్వీకరిస్తే మీరు కూడా రాక్షసుల మాదిరిగా దెబ్బతినిపో గలరు జాగ్రత్త'' అని ప్రజలను బెదరగొట్టడానికి 'బ్రాహస్పత్యం' అన్న పేరుతో భౌతికవాదంపై నిందాప్రచారం చేశారు.
భౌతిక అవసరాలకు మన ప్రాచీన భౌతిక వాదులు సముచిత ప్రాధాన్యతనిచ్చారని ఈ పురాణ గాథలను బట్టి అర్థం అవుతోంది. పాలక వర్గాలు 'పరలోక' ప్రచారంతో మభ్యపెట్టాలని చూస్తుంటే వారికి భౌతిక వాదులు అడ్డు తగిలారనీ, అందుకే పాలకపక్షాలు కక్షతో రగిలిపోయారనీ అర్థం అవువుతుంది. అందు వల్లనే పాలకపక్షాలు భౌతికవాద గ్రంథాలనేగాక భౌతికవాదులను కూడా (చార్వాకుని మాదిరిగా) తగల బెట్టారు.ఈ విధంగా ప్రాచీన భారతీయ భౌతిక వాదానికి చార్వాకం, లోకాయతం, బ్రాహస్ప త్యం అన్న మూడు పేర్లను పాలకవర్గాలే పెట్టా యి. వీటిలో ''ప్రజల్లో బాగా ప్రచారం పొంది నది'' అన్న అర్థం ఇచ్చే లోకాయతాన్నే ప్రస్తుతం ఎక్కువగా ఉపయోగిస్తున్నారు.

ఆనాటినుండి ఈ నాటివరకూ కూడా భౌతికవాదం పాలకవర్గాల కక్షకు గురవుతూనే ఉంది. ఇది మన దేశంలోనే గాదు, ప్రపంచం లో చాలా దేశాల్లో జరిగిందే. గ్రీకు భౌతికవాద తత్వవేత్త డెమాక్రిటస్‌ ప్రతిపాదించిన ''అణువా దం'' ప్రభావాన్ని తట్టుకోలేక భావవాది అయిన ప్లేటో ఆ డెమాక్రిటస్‌ గ్రంథాల్ని తగులుబెట్టమని ఆదేశించాడు. తమ ప్రత్యర్థుల్ని తిట్టాలంటే ''వాడు నాస్తికుడు'' అన్న పదాన్ని చాలామంది ఉపయోగించారు. ''అధికారంలో వున్న పార్టీచేత 'వీరు కమ్యూనిస్టులు' అనే తిట్టుతినని ప్రతిపక్ష పార్టీ ఎక్కడైనా ఉందా?'' అని కమ్యూనిస్టు ప్రణాళికలో మార్క్స్‌, ఎంగెల్స్‌ ప్రస్తావించారు. దాదాపు రెండో ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం వరకు ''కమ్యూ నిస్టు'' అన్నది పెద్ద తిట్టుగా పాలకవర్గాలు ఉపయోగించాయి. ఇప్పటికీ అమెరికాలో ''కమ్యూనిస్టు'' అంటే ఏవగింపుగానే చూసే పరిస్థితిని పాలకవర్గాలు కొనసాగిస్తున్నాయి.
పాలకవర్గాలకూ, సామాన్య ప్రజలకూ మద్య జరుగుతూ వస్తున్న పోరాటంలో భౌతిక వాదం ప్రజల తరపున నిలిచే తాత్విక ఆయుధం కనుక లోకాయతానికి మనమే వారసులం. లోకాయతం ప్రతిపాదించిన తాత్విక వాద నలేమిటో తరువాత ముచ్చటిద్దాం

article by cpim.org

Wednesday, July 15, 2009

G-8 Restrictions on Nuclear Technology

The G-8 decision that the will not transfer full Enrichment and Reprocessing (ENR) technologies to non-NPT countries would mean that India will not get full civilian nuclear cooperation as claimed by the UPA government. The CPI(M) had made clear that the Nuclear Suppliers Group's waiver was neither “clean” nor “unconditional” as was being claimed then. Behind the so-called “clean” waiver stands the Hyde Act and its provisions. Other G8 countries have also now fallen in line with the Hyde Act. The same conditions are being finalised in the NSG and India had already agreed at the time of the waiver that it will abide by all such future changes.

The country needs to know what the Government intends to do about this denial of ENR technologies by G8. Is it that it was fully aware that ENR ban was on the anvil and the so-called charade of “clean exemption” in the NSG was conducted to hoodwink the people? What does it now intend to do about buying reactors from countries who have declared that they will continue with the current discriminatory regime? This is particularly important as the US State Department officials are now asking that India identify sites for the 10,000 MW of reactors it has committed to buy from US sources. With this ban in place, any move in this direction will seriously jeopardise India's future energy security.

The Government of India should come clean on these issues pending which India should enter at best only fuel supply contracts and not agree to buying of imported reactors from countries who are a part of this restrictive technology regime.


Note:This statement was issued by the CPI(M) Central Commitee
for more information go through cpim.org

Friday, July 3, 2009

‘Maoists’ And Their Friends In West Bengal

IN the seventies, a new term became popular in West Bengal: “Congxal”. It was used to identify Naxalite-turned-Congress hoodlums. Initially these elements launched attacks against CPI(M) activists, particularly in and around Kolkata, in the name of “revolution”. After the rigged assembly elections in 1972, a large section of these thugs became Youth Congress activists and a second phase of murderous assault against the Left started. It is well known that more than 1100 CPI(M) activists and supporters were killed and more than 20,000 were forced to leave their homes during the semi-fascist terror period of 1971-77. The infamous Siddarth Shankar Ray regime in West Bengal adopted a two-pronged strategy: on the one hand, a section of the Naxalite activists were brutally killed by the police and Congress workers, on the other, another section was used as murder gangs against CPI(M).



History does not repeat itself but resemblances are not that rare.



From 2001, ‘Maoists’ (Peoples’ War Group and MCC independently and from 2004 their joint party, CPI–Maoists) started a concerted attack on organised Left forces in Bengal. They concentrated mainly on the three districts of West Midnapore, Purulia and Bankura. Till date 73 CPI(M) leaders and activists were killed by them in these districts, while hundreds of others have been forced to leave their homes. It is true that the Maoists have been able to create a reign of terror in large parts of the “Jangal mahal” or the forest areas of these districts. But it is also clear enough that their target was CPI(M) and no one else. Interestingly, not a single activist of Trinamool Congress, Congress or various factions of Jharkhand Party (including JMM) was touched!



GAME PLAN BEHIND

THESE ATTACKS



What are the politics and the game plan behind these attacks?



Firstly, the above mentioned three districts are strong bases of the CPI(M). The base has not emerged one fine morning; it was achieved through long and arduous struggles on the question of land and livelihood. The CPI(M) and the panchayats after 1977 worked massively in poorer and backward areas of these districts, particularly for the upliftment of the tribals. There was a dramatic improvement in the standard of living of thousands of people in those areas during the last three decades. The CPI(M), naturally, has a strong political presence in most of these areas. The armed attacks were the only available option for other political forces to break that base. ‘Maoists’ were encouraged by anti-CPI(M) forces to achieve this goal, which they themselves could not do.



Secondly, political geography is important here. Despite a large area of influence, there were certain areas in these districts, particularly in Lalgarh, Binpur blocks in West Midnapore, where CPI(M) was relatively weak. Factions of Jharkhand Party were in control of panchayats, and even won assembly seats with support from the Congress or the TMC. ‘Maoists’ chose those particular areas as their primary bases and the Jharkhandi leaders were quick to surrender. In fact, it was Jharkhandis at first, and then TMC activists who played the role of facilitators for the Maoists.



In spite of development initiatives, many tribal-dominated areas in these districts are still backward. The Left Front government on its own initiated a Human Development Report in 2004 in which many villages in these areas were identified as backward. Interestingly, many of these villages, including villages in Belpahari, Kantapahari, Amlasol are run by Jharkhand Party panchayats. They lagged far behind others in implementing developmental projects. For the last six to seven years, it is the ‘Maoists’ who aggressively opposed any efforts of development. They have destroyed bridges, chased away road construction workers, and blasted tourism buildings, even panchayat offices. They killed doctors and nurses through mine blasts. And, from November last year, their font-organisation “Peoples’ Committee” has dug up roads, destroyed bridges, blocked all kinds of administrative activities.



Another reason why the ‘Maoists’ chose to operate in this area is that it lies in the West Bengal-Jharkhand border. It is well known that the ‘Maoists’ operate in hilly terrain, remote plateaus, densely forest areas in all the states where they are somewhat active. It is not because that they are concerned about the tribal people, but it is part of their military strategy. They choose areas where so-called ‘guerrilla activities’ can be run in a relatively easier way. Particularly in Jharkhand, the ‘Maoists’ enjoy a free run. For quite a long time now, the Jharkhand administration has shown very little seriousness in dealing with them. Moreover, there is virtually no influential political party in Jharkhand which challenges these forces politically. ‘Maoists’ followed a hit and run policy in the border areas. Whenever there was any security offensive, they crossed the border and took shelter in their safe havens in the neighbouring state.

CLOSE AFFINITY WITH

ANTI-LEFT FORCES



But most important of all and what can be considered as the special political perspective of ‘Maoists’ activities in West Bengal is their close affinity with the other anti-Left political forces, particularly Trinamool Congress, the main opposition force in the state. Their partnership expanded from western districts to other areas of the state, for example in Nandigram and Singur.



Apart from numerous reports of ‘Maoists’ active participation in Nandigram and their armed attacks along with the TMC gangs, the political and organisational documents of the ‘Maoists’ have also proven the complicity. They have, in fact, evolved a theoretical perspective for justifying this complicity. In a document, published in December, 2008 and circulated among the ‘Maoist’ rank and file, the ‘Maoist’ leaders have emphasised the need of a “united front” with anti-CPI(M) “ruling class parties” and particularly with the TMC. The document, titled “Some important problems in our work and their solutions”, asserted that as the CPI(M) is a “social fascist force” , it is important to organise “anti-fascist” front with other ruling class parties. Whoever wants to join in such “fronts” are welcome. Without giving any scope of confusion, the document has stated that Mamata Banerjee, the leader who was in the forefront of the “struggle” in Singur should be supported and ‘Maoist’ cadres should work closely with her. According to them, West Bengal is now a “flaming field” and many united fronts are emerging. All such joint operations should be encouraged. In another document evaluating the Nandigram episode, the ‘Maoists’ have clearly stated that they were in the forefront of armed activities, including arms training to BUPC, the organisation which spearheaded the agitation against land acquisition. The BUPC was led by TMC and it existed even after the chief minister categorically announced that there would be no land acquisition in Nandigram in February, 2007. In the document the ‘Maoists’ proudly claimed that though they were in leading position in armed aggression and killing of CPI(M) activists in Nandigram from the very beginning, the other parties accepted their leadership from July, 2008. They claimed that that it was an “achievement” that the other parties openly acknowledged the role of ‘Maoists’. They even acclaimed that TMC leaders “fought the war” in close cooperation with them.



During the ongoing security operation in Lalgarh, top ranking Maoist leader M Koteswar Rao alias “Kishenji” has given long interviews to the electronic media. In fact, he was busy in explaining things from morning to midnight in mobile phone interviews. Kishenji has categorically stated and the entire audience listened that ‘Maoists’ helped the TMC in Nandigram in “ousting” CPI(M) and in reciprocation they want Mamata Banerjee’s help to stop central security forces from entering Lalgarh. This mutual relationship was no secret though to any independent political observer in the state.



TARGET: WEAKEN

THE CPI(M)



It would be wrong to singularly identify the Maoists though. A rainbow alliance emerged in West Bengal with the sole target of weakening CPI(M) in whatever way. Apart from anti-Left parties joining together, it included even basically fundamentalist organisations which were raising a false alarm of “conscious deprivation of Muslim minorities” and foreign funded NGOs.



The situation in some parts of West Midnapore, Purulia and Bankura was far from normal for at least the last five years. CPI(M) leaders and supporters were brutally killed and the Party could not move in many areas. The situation escalated after the landmine blast in an attempt to kill the chief minister in early November last year when he along with the then union minister of steel Ramvilas Paswan went for laying the foundation of a steel project in Salboni. Just as the state police moved in to search for the culprits, the ‘Maoists’ formed an organisation called “Peoples’ Committee to resist police atrocities”. The roads were dug up and villagers were forced to block all movement in the area. From then on, virtually a reign of terror was unleashed in the entire area. It was a ploy to expand the bases of ‘Maoists’ while the blockade continued. All government offices were virtually closed, schools ceased to function, villagers were forced to pay huge “levies’ to Maoists. CPI(M) activists were killed and many of them were forced to declare that they would leave the CPI(M). The state government exhibited great restraint considering the sensitive aspect of involvement of a section of the tribals. The chief minister publicly stated a number of times that the Left Front government would not be run by the police and it was trying to avoid bloodshed at any cost. However, the ‘Maoists’ escalated the bloodshed and almost every day CPI(M) cadres and sympathizers were killed. It was the exhibition of brutality on the part of “Peoples’ Committee” as dead bodies were left unattended and the family members were not allowed to touch them.



The complicity of TMC was evident here too. The secretary of “Peoples Committee” Chatradhar Mahato is a known Trinamool Congress activist while the president of this outfit Sidhu Soren is a squad member of the ‘Maoists’. Sashadhar Mahato, the younger brother of Chatradhar, is the zonal commander of the ‘Maoists’ and a declared absconder for many crimes. The story does not end here. On February 4, 2009, just before the elections were declared, Mamata Banerjee herself went to Lalgarh to attend a public meeting and shared the dais with Chatradhar Mahato. She declared, with grand fanfare, that the so-called Lalgarh agitation is another “Santhal Rebellion”. While no CPI(M) activists were even allowed to enter his own village in Lalgarh, Mamata Banerjee was welcomed by the ‘Maoists’. The attack against CPI(M) intensified after that meeting.



After the TMC-Congress combine won 26 seats in the recent Lok Sabha elections, murderous attacks against CPI(M) started in many parts of the state. Party offices and the houses of CPI(M) leaders were burnt in Nandigram and Khejuri in East Midnapore district. More than 25 CPI(M) activists were killed in the state post elections. In West Midnapore, ‘Maoists’ gathered forces from Jharkhand and unleashed massive attacks in villages. Of course, in some of the villages they were resisted.



After the state government finally decided to take control of the situation in a firm manner and central security forces joined in, the TMC opposed any intervention by the security forces. Mamata Banerjee even went to the extent of calling this operation as “state sponsored terrorism”. She organised and participated in a march in Kolkata on June 22 to protest against the operation by the security forces in Lalgarh. But, as political pressure mounted, the railway minister has shrugged off her relationship with Maoists and Peoples Committee.



The CPI(M) in West Bengal, on the other hand, has reiterated its conviction of fighting the Maoists politically. In fact, it is in West Bengal that the ‘Maoists’ faced a determined political force for the first time in the whole country, a force which is strong enough to challenge them and is ready for highest sacrifice, while mobilising the masses for a resistance against this murderous mayhem.


Note:This article is taken from the People's Democracy written by
Debasish Chakraborty

Friday, April 24, 2009

Nguyen Van Troi

Nguyễn Văn Trỗi (1947 [1]October 15, 1964) was a Vietnamese electrical worker and Viet Cong urban guerrilla. He became known after being captured by the South Vietnamese when trying to assassinate United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. who were visiting South Vietnam in May 1963. [2]

Sentenced to death at the age of 17, Troi got a brief reprieve after Venezuela's revolutionary FALN kidnapped United States Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Michael Smolen: the group threatened to kill the American if Troi was executed. Smolen was eventually released unharmed, and Troi was shot by firing squad shortly thereafter. [3]

Nguyen Van Troi became the first publicly executed member of the Viet Cong. [4] His execution was filmed, and he remained defiant to the end. His last words before his execution in Saigon to correspondents were "You are journalists and so you must be well informed about what is happening. it is the Americans who have committed aggression on our country, it is they who have been killing our people with planes and bombs.... I have never acted against the will of my people. It is against the Americans that I have taken action." When a priest offered him absolution, he refused, saying: "I have committed no sin. It is the Americans who have sinned." He refused to have his eyes covered before volleys hit him saying "Let me look at our beloved land" and as the first shots were fired, he called out, "Long live Vietnam!".[2]

Troi's wife Phan Thi Quyen authored the 1965 book Nguyen Van Troi As He Was. [5]

Troi was glorified by the Viet Cong and North Vietnam as a martyr. Considered an exemplar, Troi has his name bestowed upon a large school, the Lycée Nguyen Van Troi in Nha Trang, and a national academic award, The Nguyen Van Troi Prize. In Ho Chi Minh City, the major road upon which McNamara traveled - and where Troi planned to assassinate him - is named Nguyen Van Troi Boulevard. In Đà Nẵng , a Nguyen Van Troi Bridge spans the Han River. The DRVN issued a postage stamp bearing his portrait in 1965. [6] Other countries commemorated Troi also, but none more so than Cuba: there the 14,000-seat public stadium in Guantánamo is named Estadio Nguyen Van Troi, and his statue overlooks Nguyen Van Troi Park in Havana; the city also has a school and a hospital named for him.

In the West, Troi's arrest went largely unreported in the mainstream; indeed, major news media did not report on Troi at all until the FALN kidnapping episode. [7] His anonymity persisted after his execution, despite the honors heaped upon him in Communist countries. Apart from advocacy by revolutionaries like the Weather Underground [8], and a brief mention in Abbie Hoffman's Steal This Book, Troi is still rarely acknowledged in accounts of the Vietnam War.

Communist Party of India (Marxist)

Split in the Communist Party of India and formation of CPI(M)

CPI(M) emerged out of a division within the Communist Party of India (CPI). The undivided CPI had experienced a period of upsurge during the years following the Second World War. The CPI led armed rebellions in Telangana, Tripura and Kerala. However, it soon abandoned the strategy of armed revolution in favour of working within the parliamentary framework. In 1950 B.T. Ranadive, the CPI general secretary and a prominent representative of the radical sector inside the party, was demoted on grounds of left-adventurism.

Campaign vehicle in Ernakulam
Bengali mural for the CPI(M) candidate in the Kolkata North West constituency in the 2004 Lok Sabha election, Sudhangshu Seal
18th CPI(M) West Bengal state conference mural

Under the government of the Congress Party of Jawaharlal Nehru, independent India developed close relations and a strategic partnership with the Soviet Union. The Soviet government consequently wished that the Indian communists moderate their criticism towards the Indian state and assume a supportive role towards the Congress governments. However, large sections of the CPI claimed that India remained a semi-feudal country, and that class struggle could not be put on the back-burner for the sake of guarding the interests of Soviet trade and foreign policy. Moreover, the Indian National Congress appeared to be generally hostile towards political competition. In 1959 the central government intervened to impose President's Rule in Kerala, toppling the E.M.S. Namboodiripad cabinet (the sole non-Congress state government in the country).

Simultaneously, the relations between the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China soured. In the early 1960s the Communist Party of China began criticising the CPSU of turning revisionist and of deviating from the path of Marxism-Leninism. Sino-Indian relations also deteriorated, as border disputes between the two countries erupted into the Indo-China war of 1962. During the war, a fraction of the Indian Communists backed the position of the Indian government, while other sections of the party claimed that it was a conflict between a socialist and a capitalist state, and thus took a pro-Chinese position. There were three factions in the party - "internationalists", "centrists", and "nationalists". Internationalists supported the Chinese stand whereas the nationalists backed India; centrists took a neutral view. Prominent leaders including S.A. Dange were in the nationalist faction. B. T. Ranadive, P. Sundarayya, P. C. Joshi, Basavapunnaiah, Jyoti Basu, and Harkishan Singh Surjeet were among those supported China. Ajoy Ghosh was the prominent person in the centrist faction. In general, most of Bengal Communist leaders supported China and most others supported India.[3] Hundreds of CPI leaders, accused of being pro-Chinese were imprisoned. Some of the nationalists were also imprisoned, as they used to express their opinion only in party forums, and CPI's official stand was pro-China. Thousands of Communists were detained without trial.[4] Those targeted by the state accused the pro-Soviet leadership of the CPI of conspiring with the Congress government to ensure their own hegemony over the control of the party.

In 1962 Ajoy Ghosh, the general secretary of the CPI, died. After his death, S.A. Dange was installed as the party chairman (a new position) and E.M.S. Namboodiripad as general secretary. This was an attempt to achieve a compromise. Dange represented the rightist fraction of the party and E.M.S. the leftist fraction.

At a CPI National Council meeting held on April 11, 1964, 32 Council members walked out in protest, accusing Dange and his followers of "anti-unity and anti-Communist policies".[5]

The leftist section, to which the 32 National Council members belonged, organised a convention in Tenali, Andhra Pradesh July 7 to 11. In this convention the issues of the internal disputes in the party were discussed. 146 delegates, claiming to represent 100,000 CPI members, took part in the proceedings. The convention decided to convene the 7th Party Congress of CPI in Calcutta later the same year.[6]

Marking a difference from the Dangeite sector of CPI, the Tenali convention was marked by the display of a large portrait of the Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong.[6]


At the Tenali convention a Bengal-based pro-Chinese group, representing one of the most radical streams of the CPI left wing, presented a draft programme proposal of their own. These radicals criticised the draft programme proposal prepared by M. Basavapunniah for undermining class struggle and failing to take a clear pro-Chinese position in the ideological conflict between the CPSU and CPC.[7]

After the Tenali convention the CPI left wing organised party district and state conferences. In West Bengal, a few of these meetings became battlegrounds between the most radical elements and the more moderate leadership. At the Calcutta Party District Conference an alternative draft programme was presented to the leadership by Parimal Das Gupta (a leading figure amongst far-left intellectuals in the party). Another alternative proposal was brought forward to the Calcutta Party District Conference by Azizul Haque, but Haque was initially banned from presenting it by the conference organisers. At the Calcutta Party District Conference 42 delegates opposed M. Basavapunniah’s official draft programme proposal.

At the Siliguri Party District Conference, the main draft proposal for a party programme was accepted, but with some additional points suggested by the far-left North Bengal cadre Charu Majumdar. However, Harekrishna Konar (representing the leadership of the CPI left wing) forbade the raising of the slogan Mao Tse-Tung Zindabad (Long live Mao Tse-Tung) at the conference.

Parimal Das Gupta's document was also presented to the leadership at the West Bengal State Conference of the CPI leftwing. Das Gupta and a few other spoke at the conference, demanding the party ought to adopt the class analysis of the Indian state of the 1951 CPI conference. His proposal was, however, voted down.[8]

The Calcutta Congress was held between October 31 and November 7, at Tyagraja Hall in southern Calcutta. Simultaneously, the Dange group convened a Party Congress of CPI in Bombay. Thus, the CPI divided into two separate parties. The group which assembled in Calcutta would later adopt the name 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)', in order to differentiate themselves from the Dange group. The CPI(M) also adopted its own political programme. P. Sundarayya was elected general secretary of the party.

In total 422 delegates took part in the Calcutta Congress. CPI(M) claimed that they represented 104,421 CPI members, 60% of the total party membership.

At the Calcutta conference the party adopted a class analysis of the character of the Indian state, that claimed the Indian big bourgeoisie was increasingly collaborating with imperialism.[9]

Parimal Das Gupta’s alternative draft programme was not circulated at the Calcutta conference. However, Souren Basu, a delegate from the far-left stronghold Darjeeling, spoke at the conference asking why no portrait had been raised of Mao Tse-Tung along the portraits of other communist stalwarts. His intervention met with huge applauses from the delegates of the conference.[9]



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